皮下给药和皮下注射药物并发症

皮下穿刺检查结果。皮下输注可能是调节药物的一种策略。皮下指的是皮肤下面。在这种输注中，使用一根短针将镇静剂注入皮肤和肌肉之间的组织层。皮下疗程允许药物，如冒犯和肝素在一段时间内慢慢摄入。使用正确的输注技术和选择正确的位置将减少并发症的发生。也许最常见的皮下注射药物是胰岛素。虽然已经尝试[1]。要口服胰岛素，由于分子尺寸大，很难制造出一种吸收和可预测性接近皮下注射胰岛素的配方。这可能是关于输液策略的两篇文章中的一篇。 Portion 1 covers the intramuscular course. The subcutaneous course permits drugs such as affront and heparin to be ingested gradually over a period of time. Utilizing the proper injection procedure and selecting the proper location will limit the chance of complications. This can be the moment article in a two-part arrangement on infusion procedures. Portion 1 covers the intramuscular course. Drugs managed by the subcutaneous course are kept into subcutaneous tissue. Complications related with subcutaneous infusions incorporate abscesses and, in patients who require visit infusions, there are a risk of lip hypertrophy; typically characterized by an collection of fat beneath the skin. Subcutaneous injection may also be used by people to (self-) administer recreational drugs. This can be referred to as skin popping [2]. Lip hypertrophy happens when numerous infusions are more than once managed into the same region of skin. It can be excruciating and unattractive, and influence sedate assimilation, but can be avoided by turning infusion destinations. The connective tissue organization course is loosely used to manage various styles of medicine given its tall bioavailability and quick onset of activity. In any case, the feeling of torment at the infusion location would possibly diminish persistent adherence. Separated from a coordinate impact of the sedate itself, many variables will impact the feeling of torment: needle highlights, infusion location, volume infused, infusion speed, osmolality, consistency and hydrogen ion concentration of definition, additionally because the reasonably excipients used, count buffers and additives. Injection website} reactions is also decreased if perennial injections square measure necessary by moving the injection site a minimum of one in. from previous injections, or employing a totally different injection location altogether [3]. Brief and lean needles, helpfully lubricated up and with sharp tips, square measure usually used to accent torment, in spite of the actual fact that the anatomic infusion location (guts versus thigh) too influences the feeling of pain. Biopharmaceuticals, like immunizations, heparin, affront, development endocrine, hemopoietin development variables, interferons, organism antibodies, etc., thanks to the frequency of injections needed for the administration of hypoglycemic agent merchandise via injection, hypoglycemic agent is related to the event of lip hypertrophy and lipoatrophy. This will result in slower or incomplete absorption from the injection web site. Rotating the injection web site is that the primary technique of preventing changes in tissue structure from hypoglycemic agent administration [4].

皮下注射药物并发症

一些低确定性的证据表明，额外缓慢地注射可能会减少利甘明注射的疼痛，但并不是擦伤的几率或程度[5]。用于SC组织的针在折磨感觉中起作用的最大变量是长度、穿过的距离、针尖的粗细、倾斜类型和润滑性。用于SC组织的针在折磨感觉中起作用的大部分成分是长度、宽度、针尖的钝度、坡度和润滑性。一般来说，短而短的针头所引起的包涵物、死亡和瘀伤的疼痛较小。针头必须足够长，以确保药物能到达皮下，但又不能太长，以至于经常在基本肌肉内注射。肌肉比SC组织更血管化，IM输注后药物的保留更快。皮下肝素抗凝也可能导致周围皮肤坏死或病变，最常见的是在腹部注射[6]。

参考文献

1. Gedawy A，等。口服胰岛素:存在的障碍和当前的对策。《药学与药理学杂志》2018;70(2): 197-213。
2. Lejmi H，等。旧金山地区AA型淀粉样变患者的特点:AA型淀粉样变。肾脏学。2016;21(4): 308-313。
3. Elena T和Yuval R.使用生物制剂的注射部位反应。皮肤治疗。2019;32 (2): e12817。
4. 郭旭，王伟。胰岛素皮下给药的挑战和最新进展。《给药专家意见》，2017;14(6):727-734。
5. Mina M，等。慢速与快速皮下肝素注射预防瘀伤和部位疼痛强度。Cochrane系统评价数据库。2021;雷竞技苹果下载6: CD008077。
6. Bilen O和Teruya J.抗凝并发症。Disease-a-Month.2012;58(8): 440-447。