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Determination 13C/12C and 18O/16O Isotope Ratios with Mass Spectrometer in Turkish White Marbles

Nurhayat Özdemir*

部门Chemistry, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkey

*Corresponding Author:
Nurhayat Özdemir
部门Chemistry
University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkey
Tel:+904223773000
E-mail: [email protected]

Received Date:04/05/2017Accepted Date:07/08/2017Published Date:18/08/2017

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Abstract

13C/12C and18O/16O isotope ratios of marble samples taken from different region of Turkey such as Afyon (27 samples), Marmara (24 samples) and Uşak (16 samples) have been studied. The marble reserve in the other cities of Turkey is high, so13C/12C and18O/16Oisotoperatios of these samples were determined by mass spectrometer. In order to rationalize the result both marbles were not only compared to themselves but also compared with Afyon, Marmara and Uşak samples to reach the conclusion that marbles of their regions could be classified. Using a vacuum extraction line, carbon dioxide prepared by dissolving the marble samples in 105% orthophosphoric acid was purified and subsequently collected in a glass tube for later isotopic analysis. The relative abundance of the13C and18O isotopes was determined with a high precision mass spectrometer. The13C/12C and18O/16O ratios were measured relative to the ratios in a secondary standard.

Keywords

Stable isotope, Mass spectrometer, White marble, Turkey, Carbon, Oxygen

Introduction

The identification of sources of white marble used for the production of ancient artifacts is clearly of value to anyone studying economic and art history. Since often no texts can be found which reveal the provenance of the marble used, the identification based on the characteristics of the material itself is a major source of fundamental information for archaeological research. Generally speaking, the naked eye is rather poor tool for the study of marble especially of white marble, due to the subjectivity inherent in visual inspection, the presence of superficial weathering layers and the fact that the differences between marbles from different regions can be very subtle [1-6].

In order to construct a valuable database for archeologist to identify the white marbles, sampling in different sources such as Italy, Greece and Turkey was carried out. The origin of the ancient artifacts was determined usually by determining the ratio of13C/12C and18O/16O isotope ratio levels. To do this, 5 to 10 mg of samples were found to enough for analyzing the samples to construct of a database. Further, analyzed samples were used to estimate the origin of the samples.

It is the aim of this work to determine the isotope ratios of the white marbles taken from different regions of Turkey and to compare the results with the other works. In this work, preparing the samples for isotopeanalysiswas also discussed.

Experimental

Instrumentation

MagneticMass Spectroscopy (MAT, Finnigan Delta E). The apparatus used for the production of CO2from marbles.

Methodology

13C/12C and18O/16O isotope ratios are determined relative to the secondary standard. Carrara and Pee Dee Bolemnite PDB marbles are used as standarts for working and for instruments respectively.

Materials

A summary of the procedure for preparing CO2is as follows: Fresh samples were taken and grounded and loaded in white polypropylene bottles. 5 to 10 mg samples were placed in a glass tube and the tube was assembled to the unit. High vacuum line technique was applied to remove all air and the acid (3 ml H3PO4105%). At the same time a reference sample (A standard from Sarcophagus in the British Museum, Coleman and Walker 1979) was subjected to the same methodology. Obtained CO2gas was placed in the MAT instrument and the isotope ratşos were detrmined and the mean wa calculated.

Results and Discussion

The experimental set up procedure for analyzing the samples. In the initial step,vacuumline technique was used to detrmined the air, since the air is the major problem for determining the isotope ratios. A final step in the analyzing is to remove the samples from the apparatus and to prepare for analysis [7].

According to the results, Malatya Yeşilyurt and Malatya Doganşehir samples lie beyond the optimum. Whereas Kırşehir, Nigde originated from the central part of Anaotolia are alike. Not only Bursa Kemalpaşa, Sümenköy and Örencik, but also Kavaklıdere, Mugla region, Milas pink, Başaran, Milas Kavaklıdere and Biga white marbles are formed a different category among themselves. Others, İda, Bayrami and Kazdagı. Samples resemble to the white marbles of Uşak. Yatagan, Mugla and Manyas are alike with Afyon white marbles. Denizli Kavaklıbeki and Elbistan are much alike with the marbles of Uşak and Denizli (Table 1).

Marble samples Samples (mg) Pressure mbar CaCO3% δ13C δ18O
1) Malatya Yeşilyurt 9.865
9.38
117.4
119.7
87.76
94.07
+4.801
+ 5.124
-6.643
-7.216
2) Malatya Doganşehir 9.22
9.13
83.2
84.4
67.14
68.75
+0.742
+0.716
+0.735
-3.739
-3.581
-3.267
3) Kırşehir 9.268
9.925
120.6
129.7
95.91
96.18
+3.044
+3.024
-2.623
-2.456
4) Mugla Yöresi 9.001
9.415
114.2
119.4
93.62
93.49
+3.665
+3.704
-5.134
-4.818
5) Mugla Kavaklıdere 9.415
9.455
123.6
126.1
96.71
98.21
+4.295
+4.298
-5.025
-4.843
6) Afyon.3. 9.841
9.205
127.4
114.4
95.32
91.71
+3.780
+3.725
-3.333
-3.612
7) Marmara.2. 9.209
9.175
121.8
121.1
97.47
97.28
+3.528
+3.539
-1.458
-1.735
8) Nigde 8.876
9.175
119.8
122.5
99.5
98.38
+3.824
+3.866
-0.308
-0.539
9) Mugla Yatagan 8.604
9.005
117.0
120.2
100
98.39
+1.350
+1.363
-3.885
-4.133
10)米拉Sedefi 9.334
8.76
124.1
121.8
97.94
102
+3.809
+3.825
+3.809
-1.358
.2.105
-1.672
11) Mucur white 9.565
9.24
129.3
123.1
99.50
98.16
+2.923
+2.917
+2.899
-1.228
-1.695
-1.260
12) Maraş Elbistan 9.249
9.65
123.3
126.7
98.22 96.68 +2.337
+2.347
-1.525
-1.751
14) Mugla Başaran
9.815
9.5
131.8
125.7
98.80
97.44
+3.868
+3.906
-3.025
-2.914
16) Uşak Afyon
arası
9.202
9.245
123.3
121.3
98.72
96.70
+2.091
+2.098
-4.662
-4.840
17) Manyas 9.527
9.44
128.5
124.4
99.29
97.07
+2.573
+2.592
-3.716
-3.697
18) Milas pembe 9.701
9.23
131.0
118.6
99.37
94.74
+3.932
+3.976
-3.134
-3.039
19) Mugla 9.81
9.305
132.5
122.7
99.37
97.16
+1.762
+1.759
-3.324
-3.494
20) Milas Kavaklıdere 9.193
9.465
118.5
121.0
95.05
94.22
+3.714
+3.762
-5.191
-5.161
21) Bursa Kemalpaşa 9.405
9.1
126.6
118.2
99.12
95.78
+4.647
+4.631
+4.639
-2.544
-3.085
-2.505
22) Bursa Kemalpaşa
Sümenköy
9.805
9.55
131.2
126.6
98.46
97.61
+4.915
+4.920
-2.447
-2.363
23) İda Kazdagı 9.525
9.185
127.0
120.7
98.17
96.86
+0.962
+0.968
-2.660
-2.730
24) Kazdagı
Bayramiş
9.275.9.235 122.7
123.4
97.47
98.44
+1.895
+1.888
-1.765
-1.700
25) Denizli 9.6
9.36
124.3
123.2
95.38
96.97
+ 2.769
+ 2.766
+2.760
-2.857
-2.224
-2.290
26) Bursa Örencik 9.46
9.165
124.8
122.4
97.17
98.41
+5.098
+5.140
-1.187
-0.943
27) Sivaslı Kavallıbeki
köyü
9.115
9.595
120.8
129.1
97.68
99.04
+2.374
+2.383
-2.405
-2.246
28) Kazdagı 9.305
9.54
125.1
129.0
99.02
99.53
+ 2.747
+2.779
-3.701
-3.594
29) Uşak 9.645
9.25
128.4
123.8
98.00
98.60
+2.576
+2.620
-5.745
-5.476
30) Afyon İslihisar 9.8
9.5
130.7
127.2
98.14
98.58
+1.657
+1.655
-8.891
-9.050
31) Bursa Karlık 9.24
9.36
121.4
125.5
96.82
98.74
+0.786
+0.836
-3.799
-3.653
32) Biga 9.83
9.39
131.2
125.3
98.21
98.28
+3.695
+3.706
-5.514
-5.418

Table 1.Sample description and data.

As a result it is found possible to identify and categorize the Bursa, Malatya, Central Anotolia and south Aegan white marbles by means of isope ratio levels [8,9].

Conclusion

13C/12C and18O/16O isotope ratios of marble samples taken from different region of Turkey such as Afyon (27 samples), Marmara (24 samples) and Uşak (16 samples) have been studied. it is found possible to identify and categorize the Bursa, Malatya, Central Anotolia and south Aegan white marbles by means of isope ratio levels.

Acknowledements

我们感激地感谢Instituut Voor远离Wetenschappen, Proeftuinstraat 86, B.9000 GENT, Belgium.

References

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